Small sample size is one of the most stressful problems in dissertation research. A student may design a study expecting 150 participants, collect data for months, and end up with 42 usable responses. Another may have enough participants overall, but too few cases in one subgroup to run the originally planned analysis. A third may Read More >

Missing data is one of the most common problems in survey research. It is also one of the most commonly mishandled. At first, missing data may seem like a minor inconvenience. A few respondents skipped a question. Some people started the survey but did not finish it. One scale has a handful of blank responses. Read More >

One of the most common questions students, researchers, and professionals ask when they begin analyzing their data is deceptively simple: What statistical test should I use? It sounds like there should be a quick answer. If you have two groups, use one test. If you have three groups, use another. If you have survey data, Read More >

While outside of the field of statistics, you will generally only hear the term “average,” in statistics this is a non-specific term, and can refer to the mean, median, mode, as well as other “averages,” or measures of central tendency. Most typically, the “average” will simply refer to the mean, this being calculated as the Read More >

Curve fitting fits a series of equations, or models, to a set of data, which can then be extrapolated in order to predict values outside of the range of the present data. Most typically, this is used for the forecasting of future data using present and past data. The US is currently (as of November Read More >

Abstract. This paper presents the most important neuroscientific findings relevant to embodiment, including findings relating to the importance of embodiment in the development of higher-order cognitive functioning, including language, and discusses these findings in relation to Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). Research strongly suggests the necessity of embodiment in the individual development of advanced cognition.

Abstract. The concept of “common sense” (“commonsense”) has had a visible role in the history of artificial intelligence (AI), primarily in the context of reasoning and what’s been referred to as “symbolic knowledge representation.” Much of the research on this topic has claimed to target general knowledge of the kind needed to ‘understand’ the world, stories, complex tasks, and so on.